Advanced entrepreneurship - legal and financial decisions Essay

The Issues With Faculty Performance Reviews Essay Example for Free

The Issues With Faculty Performance Reviews Essay The companion audit workforce assessment framework makes large wellsprings of issues and disarray for an assortment of reasons. First among the reasons is the idea of connection between peers in the training setting. Input gave, regardless of whether constructive or pessimistic, is as a rule slanted because of individual connections. Closely-held convictions that ought not be available in an expert climate take on added significance with regards to deciding the exhibition of the personnel. One fractional answer for this issue is disseminating mysterious friend surveys. In the event that the character of the individual offering the guidance is kept secret, individuals will be increasingly open to giving legit input since they won't disregard issues of individual trust and fellowship. Then again, obscurity likewise ensures the individuals who have individual quarrels against a specific employee without plan of action to individual responsibility. That being stated, the friend survey framework ought to be mysterious. It is difficult to keep individual interests out of these surveys, yet keeping them mysterious can shield against part of the disarray, anyway it won't dispose of it out and out in light of the fact that individuals are inclined toward associates they coexist with, paying little heed to the exhibition in the study hall. Companion audits should be adjusted against both understudy and authoritative criticism so as to finish a more nuanced image of the general staff execution.

US Healthcare Industry

US Healthcare Industry Rising Cost in Healthcare Industry in America Dec 20, 2018 in Economics Introduction The United States of America healthcare industry can benefit immensely from economic analysis concepts especially those related to microeconomic evaluations. In this healthcare system, the healthcare customers are always purchasing a service that they comprehend little about with a third-party payment structure due to the possible uncertainties (Cameron, 2013). This paper puts up a discussion on the current increase in the cost of health care within the United States of America as a formidable issue within the industry. Overview of the Current Issues in US Healthcare In regards to the total expenditures of 2013, Americas healthcare industry spent about $2,800 billion in healthcare related products and services. The use of funds in this sector is attributed to 64 per cent of the aforementioned amount being spent on hospital, physician fees, as well as on drugs and other related pharmaceutical products. The sources of funds are divided in a 50-50 per cent public and private basis (Cameron, 2013). Only about 11 per cent of the money is sourced from out-of pocket given that the major mode of payment is through third party agencies. Since the early 1900s, the trend of expenditure has continued to increase tremendously and a future forecast stipulates further increase. There has been a dramatic paradigm shift from the out-of-pocket payment system to the third party model; insurance agencies. Both the nursing home care and home healthcare are the potential growth areas (Cameron, 2013).

The Role Of Organizational Behavior By Embracing...

References Agle, B. R., R.K. Mitchell, J.A Sonnenfeld, (1999) ‘Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance and CEO values’, Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), pp.507-525. Aguinis, H., C. Pierce, (2008) ‘Enhancing the Relevance of Organizational Behavior by Embracing Performance Management Research’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (1) pp.139-145 Atrill, P., E. McLaney, (2011) Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, 7th Edition, Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Barney, J. (1986) ‘Organizational Culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage’? Academy of Management 11(3), pp. 656-665. Barney, J. (1991) ‘Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage’, Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 99-120. Barney, J.B., M.H., Hansen, (1994) ‘Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage’ Strategic Management Journal, 15(2), 175-190 Becker, B.E. M. A, Huselid, (2006) Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here? Cole, Y. (2005) Supplier diversity: HP opens the doors to build wealth. DiversityInc. Glover, J., and Y. Guerrier, (2010) ‘Women in hybrid roles in IT employment: a return to ‘Nimble Fingers’?†, Journal of Technology Management Innovation, 5 (1), pp. 86-94. Garcia, S. M., K. Weaver, G.B. Moskowitz, J.M Darley, (2002). ‘Crowded minds’, the implicit bystander effect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, pp.843-853 Deutsch, M., (1990) ‘Sixty Years ofShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Its Impact On Diversity975 Words   |  4 Pagesbut involves embracing and empowering all minorities. Thankfully, globalization and strategic alliances have transformed business economies drastically to set up complex business environments. These environments include inter-cultural, inter-departmental, cross functional, and inter-disciplinary people working together, as a part of a large team, towards a common goal. The importance of these workgroups can be understood by the strategic role they play in determining organizational effectivenessRead MoreAdvanced Hr Solutions, Inc.. Each Organization Has Its1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe environment (Argosy University Online, 2016). I/O psychologists aid in developing and managing an organizational culture and structure that defends the business strategy and core competencies. The strategic vision of Advanced HR Solutions, Inc. is to respect and encourage employeesâ €™ abilities and bring out the best in their employees and clients while promoting a culture of high performance, innovation and wise risk-taking (â€Å"Human Resources,† n.d.). Innovation and risk-taking are vital characterRead MoreStrategic Planning : The Valley Professional Business Association1731 Words   |  7 Pagescompete for their attention (Lawlor, 2005). Strategic planning would also clearly define a set of realistic short-term and long-term goals for the company while communicating those goals clearly too each individual member of the company. Prior to embracing strategic planning, however, CanGo should develop a Mission Statement and a Vision Statement. This Mission Statement should focus on the purpose of CanGo as a company and what it aims to accomplish. The Vision Statement, meanwhile, will describeRead MoreJob Involvement Is A Core Component Of Someone s Contentment With Life1149 Words   |  5 Pagesput effort to raise organization commitment, job sa tisfaction, and job involvement. They lead in the competitive advantage, for example, Google. Some of the things that a management of an organization does to raise the employees’ attitude are discussed below and how they have influenced and shaped Google employees. Management should demonstrate that they honestly care about the welfare of their employees. The commitment of employees will be raised if managers emphasize on the career planning thatRead MoreStrategic Planning : The Valley Professional Business Association Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagescompete for their attention (Lawlor, 2005). Strategic planning would also clearly define a set of realistic short-term and long-term goals for the company while communicating those goals clearly to each individual member of the company. Prior to embracing strategic planning, however, CanGo should develop a Mission Statement and a Vision Statement. This Mission Statement should focus on the purpose of CanGo as a company and what it aims to accomplish. The Vision Statement, meanwhile, will describeRead MoreStudent Choices E ssay1720 Words   |  7 PagesAnswer for Case 1A: Trader Joe’s 1. How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? Job satisfaction has positive relationship with higher performance. 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Organisational culture is â€Å"†¦manifested in the typical characteristics of the organization, in other words, organizational culture should be regarded as the right way in which things are done or problems should be understood in the organization† (Sun, 2009). In relation to the sick leave case, organisational cu lture has great relevance and this is the problem thatRead MoreProposed Design of the Human Resource Division of the XYZ Company: A Case Study1831 Words   |  7 Pagesresource is a crucial portion of any organization. In fact, a lot of department in any organization utilizes human resource in all their functions. Lack of an effective human resource division makes an organization to suffer from lack of proper management in office actions. Notably, an effective human resource division helps in provision of training and recruitment of staff. The division is held accountable for building up a tactical plan that helps in providing an organization with a well-developed

Christian Ethics - 3677 Words

â€Å"Ethics deals with what is morally right and wrong. Christian Ethics deals with what is morally right and wrong for a Christian.† -Norman Geisler (Christian Ethics: Options and Issues, 17) Christian Ethics: Contemporary Issues amp; Options, Second Edition by Norman L. Geisler In this thorough update of a classic textbook, noted Christian thinker Norman Geisler evaluates contemporary ethical options (such as antinomianism, situation ethics, and legalism) and pressing issues of the day (such as euthanasia, homosexuality, and divorce) from a biblical perspective. The second edition is significantly expanded and updated, with new material and charts throughout the book. There are new chapters on animal rights, sexual ethics, and the†¦show more content†¦In some cases it will be simple, like the rules for Christian living we find in Colossians, chapter 3. In other cases, however, we need to do a little digging. The best way to do that is to pray over God’s Word. The Holy Spirit indwells every believer, and part of His role is teaching us how to live: â€Å"But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things an d will remind you of everything I have said to you† (John 14:26) â€Å"As for you, the anointing you received from him remains in you, and you do not need anyone to teach you. But as his anointing teaches you about all things and as that anointing is real, not counterfeit—just as it has taught you, remain in him† (1 John 2:27) So, when we pray over Scripture, the Spirit will guide us and teach us. He will show us the principles we need to stand on for any given situation. While God’s Word does not cover every situation we will face in our lives, it is all sufficient for living a Christian life. For most things, we can simply see what the Bible says and follow the proper course based on that. In ethical questions where Scripture does not give explicit instructions, we need to look for principles that can be applied to the situation. We must pray over His Word, and open ourselves to His Spirit. The Spirit will teach us and guide us through the Bible to find the principles on which we need to stand so we may live as a Christian should. Ethics is the study of good andShow MoreRelatedChristian Ethics : The Bible870 Words   |  4 PagesRyan DeHooge Mr. Ingram Christian Ethics 6 May 2017 Christian Ethics Summary By definition, ethics is the branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right and wrong. As a Christian, ethics takes on a whole new meaning because it bases what is right or wrong on what the Bible teaches us. I have gained a lot of spiritual and Biblical knowledge this year in the study of Christian ethics. 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It exemplifies the core values and teachings of Jesus Christ as the foundation of morality and guiding principles for ethical conduct, treatment of others, as well corporate leadership decisions that affect the environment, community, and economics. Revelational Christian Ethics is the discovery and the study of God’sRead MoreKantian Ethics and Christian Ethics1400 Words   |  6 PagesKantian Ethics and Christian Ethics Immanuel Kant the founder of the Categorical Imperative (CI) argues that morality is based on standards of rationality. Therefore, to act in disaccord with the CI is to act irrationally or immorally. In comparison to Christianity, to act immorally is to act in disagreement with Gods laws. 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On the other hand, these are areas and topics the church should (and must) address responsibly to clearly and lovinglyRead MoreCompare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics810 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics The ethical teachings and values of utilitarianism and Christian ethics are similar in some aspects, yet however are diverse in others. Utilitarianism is a generally teleological ethical system, where the outcome is said to justify the act. The act is considered ‘good’ if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. Christian Ethics, however, can be quite different. Many aspects of its ethics are deontological, for example, theRead MoreJust Business : Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1064 Words   |  5 Pages Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace. By Alexander Hill. IVP Academic; Revised edition (January 10, 2008), 276pp., $11.29 Paper. Chanel Mahone Alexander Hill’s Christian Ethics for the Marketplace in my view point focuses on ethics as it relates to business which also includes the Christian element. Hill outlines the scripturally grounded ethical structure of holiness, justice, and love for business practices. Hill also connects his Christian ethic to the dominant methods ofRead MoreTypes Of Christian Ethics By H.richard Niebuhr1677 Words   |  7 Pagesuse it as a clear typology of varieties of Christian faith more than as a constructive argument for a particular approach to Christian ethics. Yoder, Yeager, and Stassen offer three critical readings of Niebuhr’s understanding of the relation of faith to social justice, and offer their own perspectives on the common topic. I. Types of Christian Ethics by H.Richard Niebuhr 1. Various Ways of Typing Christian Ethics V No absolute types of Christian morality can be discerned, but there are variousRead MoreJust Business Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1578 Words   |  7 Pagespoint of view (Wikipedia 2014). Worldview includes, ontology, what we believe to be reality and epistemology, how we come to know reality. Hill’s identifies his worldview as theism. This is evidenced by the title of his book â€Å"Just Business-Christian Ethics for the Marketplace†. In this book he defines good as a balance of holiness, justice and love. If each of these is areas is met the decision is moral. Badaracco, in comparison, points out in his title â€Å"Leading Quietly-An Unorthodox Guide toRead MoreJust Business Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1575 Words   |  7 Pagespoint of view (Wikipedia 2014). Worldview includes, ontology, what we believe to be reality and epistemology, how we come to know reality. Hill’s identifies his worldview as theism. This is evidenced by the title of his book â€Å"Just Business-Christian Ethics for the Marketplace†. In this book he defines good as a balance of holiness, justice and love. If each of these is areas is met the decision is moral. Badaracco, in comparison, points out in his title â€Å"Leading Quietly-An Unorthodox Guide to

Women Rights in Islam †Modernizing or Outdated Free Essays

string(21) " of your own nature\." Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated? Definition According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘Women’s Rights are the rights that promote a position of social and legal equality, of women to men. According to the Oxford dictionary, ‘they are the rights, claimed for the women, equal to those of men, as regards to suffrage that right to vote, as regards to property, etc. ‘Modernizing according to the Oxford dictionary means, ‘to make modern, to adapt to modern needs or habits And according to the Webster’s dictionary it means ‘to make modern, or to give a new character or appearance – e. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated? or any similar topic only for you Order Now . , to modernize ones ideas In short, modernizing is a process of updating or opting for the betterment of the present status itself – It is not the present modern status itself. Can we modernize ourselves, to master our problems, and to realize a new way of life, for the whole human race? I am not concerned about the modern ideas, the conclusions and the categorical statements made by scientists and inexperienced armchair experts, as how a life should be lived by a woman. I am going to base my conclusions and considerations on truth, which can be proved by experience. Experience and unbiased factual holistic analysis, are the sure test, between the gold of truth, and the glitter of theory. We have to check our thinking against reality, otherwise many a times, our mental process will go astray – Indeed the great brains of one time, believed that the world was flat. Women Rights in the West If we agree with the ‘Women’s rights in Islam as portrayed by the Western media, you have no option, but to agree that the ‘Women’s rights in Islam are outdated. The Western talk of women’s liberation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor and degradation of her soul. The Western society which speaks of upgrading the status of women in Islam, have actually reduced her status to concubines, to mistresses, to society butterflies, which are mere tools in the hands of sex marketers and pleasure seekers, which are disguised behind the colorful screen of art and culture. Women Rights in Islam Islam’s radical revolutionary support, gave women their due right and status n the days of ignorance 1,400 years ago. Islam’s objective was and continues to be, to modernize our thinking, our living, our seeing, our hearing, our feeling and striving for the women’s upliftment and emancipation in the society. Before I dwell further with the topic, I would like you to make note of a few points. †¢Approximately one fifth of the world’s population consists of Muslims. There are dif ferent Muslim societies – Some may be close to Islam, some may be far away from Islam. The ‘Women’s rights in Islam should judge according to the authentic sources, and not what individual Muslims do, or what the Muslim society does. †¢The authentic sources of Islam are the Qur’an, which is the word of God, and the authentic Sunnah, and the traditions of our beloved Prophet (peace be upon him). †¢Qur’an will never contradict itself, nor will the authentic Hadith contradict itself neither will these two authentic sources, contradict each other. †¢Sometimes the scholars differ, and many a times, these differences can be removed by analyzing the Qur’an as a whole, and not just by quoting one particular Verse. Because if one particular verse of the Qur’an is ambiguous many a times the answer is given somewhere else in the Qur’an – Some people quote one source and neglect all the other sources. †¢It is the duty of every Muslim, male or female, to seek the pleasure of God, and to act as His trustee on this world, and not to try and gain fame or satisfy one’s own ego. Islam believes in equality of men and women Equality does not mean ‘identicality In Islam, the role of a man and woman is complimentary, it is not conflicting. It is that of a partnership, it is not contradictory, so as to strive for supremacy. Where ‘Women’s rights in Islam is concerned, I have divided it into 6 broad categories. Six Categories of Women Rights in Islam The first are ‘the Spiritual rights second are ‘the Economical rights third are ‘the Social rights fourth are ‘the Educational rights fifth are ‘the Legal rights and last are ‘the Political rights. Sex is Not the Criteria to Enter Paradise: The greatest misconception that the West has about Islam, is that they think ‘Paradise in Islam, is only meant for the male – it is not meant for the female This misconception can be removed by quoting from Surah Nisa, Ch. No. , Verse No 124, which says, ‘If any of you do deeds of righteousness, whether it be male or a female and has faith, they shall surely enter Paradise and not the least injustice shall be done to them. A similar thing is repeated in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 97 which says ‘If any of you perform good deeds, be it a man or a w oman and is a believer, We shall give you good life and We should reward you for all your good works. Just because in Islam, sex is not the criteria to enter Paradise, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? A. Spiritual Rights of Women in Islam Another misconception is that, which the Western media has, that, ‘The woman has no soul. In fact, it was in the seventeenth century, when the Council of wise men, when they gathered at Rome, and they unanimously agreed that the woman had no soul. In Islam, man and woman have the same spiritual nature. It is mentioned in Quran, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, which says that, ‘O humankind reverence your Guardian Lord, who has created you from a single person and created like nature his mate. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Nahl, Ch. 16, Verse No. 72, which says that, ‘We have made for you companions and mates of your own nature. You read "Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated?" in category "Papers" In Surah Al-Shura, Ch. 42, Verse No. 11, it says, ‘He is the one who has created the heavens and the earth and has made for you pairs from among yourselves. Just because the spiritual nature of a man and woman is the same in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam, as modernizing or outdated? The Qur’an clearly mentions that, ‘God has breathed somewhat of His spirit into the human beings. If you read Surah Hijr, Ch. 15, Verse No. 29, it says, ‘When I have fashioned you in due proportion and have breathed into you something of my spirit, fall you down in obeisance. A similar thing is repeated in the Qur’an, in Surah Sajdah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 9, which says, ‘Then He fashioned him and breathed into him of His Spirit†¦ Here, when God refers to as ‘Something of My Spirit, is breathed into the human beings? E- it does not mean, a sort of incarnation or a pantheistic form. It means that Allah has given to every human being something of His s piritual Nature, and the Knowledge of God Almighty, and coming closer towards Him. Here it refers to both Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them) – Both were breathed something of God’s Spirit. Again we read in the Qur’an, that Allah has appointed the human being as His vicegerent, s His trustee, as is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17, Verse No. 70, which says, ‘We have honoured the children of Adam and bestowed on them special favours? E Note, here all the children of Adam have been honoured, male as well as female. There are some Religious scriptures, for example the Bible, which puts the blame on Eve for the downfall of humanity. In fact if you read the Qur’an in Surah Araf, Ch. 7, Verse No. 19 to 27, Adam and Eve (may peace be upon them both) are addressed, more than a dozen of times. Both disobeyed God, both asked for forgiveness, both repented, and both were forgiven. In the Bible, if you read Genesis, Ch. 3, only Eve is held responsible (May peace be upon her) for the downfall of humanity. And according to the doctrine of ‘Original Sin? E because of Eve (may peace be upon her) the whole of humanity is born in sin. Does Pregnancy Uplift the Women or Degrade? If you read the Bible in Genesis, Ch. 3, Verse No. 16, it says that, ‘To the woman He (God) said, â€Å"I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you. ‘ That means, pregnancy and child birth has been said in the Bible to degrade the women and the labor pain is a sort of punishment. In fact if you read the Qur’an, pregnancy and child birth have uplifted the women. If you read Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 1, it says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you Its mentioned in Surah Luqman, Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, it says, ‘We have enjoined on the human being to be kind to the parents, in travail upon travail did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning. A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 5, it again repeats, which says, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. To be kind to the parents – in pain did their mother bore them, and in pain did she give them birth – Pregnancy in the Qur’an has uplifted the women not degraded her. Just because pregnancy has uplifted the women in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Criteria in the Sight of God to Judge Male and Female: The only criteria for judgment in the sight of Allah is ‘Taqwa ‘God consciousness or ‘righteousness It is mentioned in Surah Hujurat, Ch. 49, Verse No. 3 ‘O humankind, We have created you from a single pair of male and female and have divided you into nations and tribes, so that you shall recognize each other not that you desp ise each other and the most honored in the sight of God, is the one who is the most righteous. Sex, color, caste, wealth has got no criteria in Islam – The only criteria in the sight of God is ‘righteousness neither is sex the criteria for God to reward or to punish a person. If you read Surah Imran Ch. 3 Verse No. 195 it says ‘I will never suffer the loss of any of you, be it male or female, you are companions unto each other. Equal Moral Duties for Men and Women: I had started my talk by quoting a verse from the Qur’an from Surah Al Ahzab, Ch. 33, Verse No. 35, which says, ‘For Muslim men and Muslim women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast and deny themselves, for men and women who guard their chastity, for men and women who engage much in God’s praise, God has prepared for them forgiveness and a vast reward. This verse indicates that the spiritual duties, the moral duties, for the men and women in Islam are the same – Both have to believe, both have to pray, both have to fast, both have to give in charity, etc, etc. But the women has been given certain concession in Islam. If she is undergoing her menstrual period or pregnancy, she does not have to fast – She can keep those fasts later on, when she is more healthy. During the menstrual period and during the postnatal period, she needs not pray also – she has been given the concession, and neither does she have to compensate it later on. Just because the moral duties of the men and women are equal in Islam will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? B. Economical Rights to the Women Islam gave economical rights to the women 1,300 years before the West. An adult Muslim woman can own, she can dispose or disown any of her property without consulting any one, irrespective whether she is married or she is single. In 1870, it was the first time in England, that the West recognized the rights of the married woman, where she was allowed to own or dispose any of her property without consultation. I do agree that the women were given their economical rights 1300 years ago – these are ancient rights – but the question is ? E‘are they modernizing or outdated Enbsp; Women on Job: A women in Islam, if she wishes to work she can work – There is no text in the Qur’an or the authentic Hadith which prevents or makes it prohibited for a woman to do any work, as long as it is not unlawful, as long as it is within the preview of the Islamic Shariah, as long as she maintains her Islamic dress code. But natural, she cannot take up jobs, which exhibit her beauty and body – Like for example, modeling and film acting, and such kind of jobs. Many of the professions and jobs which are prohibited for the woman are also prohibited for the man, for example serving alcohol, working in gambling dens, doing any unethical or dishonest business. All these jobs are prohibited for both men and women. A true Islamic society requires women to take up profession such as doctors. We do require female Gynecologists, we do require female nurses, we do require female teachers. But, a woman in Islam has got no financial obligations – The financial obligation is laid on the shoulders of the man in the family – Therefore she need not work for her livelihood. But in genuine cases, where there are financial crisis in which both the ends do not meet, she has the option of working. Here too, no one can force her to work – She works out of her own, absolute free will. Financial Security for Women: A woman in Islam has been given more financial security, as compared to the man. As I told you earlier, the financial obligation is not put on her shoulder – It is put on the shoulder of the man in the family. It is the duty of the father or the brother, before she is married and the duty of the husband or the son, after she is married to look after her lodging, boarding, clothing and financial aspects of her. Compulsory Marital Gift for a Woman: When she gets married, she is on the receiving end. She receives a gift – she receives a dower or a marital gift, which is called as ‘Meher? E And it is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4 Verse No. 4 which says, ‘Give to the woman in dower, a marital gift? E For a marriage to solemnize in Islam, ‘Meher? Eis compulsory. But unfortunately in our Muslim society here, we just keep a nominal ‘Meher? Eto satisfy the Qur’an, say 151 Rupees, or some people give 786 Rupees and they spend lakhs and lakhs of Rupees on the reception, on the decoration, on the flowers, on the lunch parties, on the dinner parties. In Islam, there is no lower-limit, nor is there an upper limit for ‘Meher? E- But when a person can spend lakhs of Rupees on the reception, surely the ‘Meher ? Eshould be much more. There are various cultures which have crept into the Muslim societies, specially in the Indo-Pak area. They give a small amount of ‘Meher? Eand they expect the wife to give a fridge, to give a T. V set, they expect the wife to give an apartment, to give a car, etc. , and a large sum of dowry, depending upon the status of the husband. If he is a graduate, they may expect 1 lakh – If he is an engineer they may expect 3 lakhs – If he is a doctor they may expect 5 lakhs. Demanding dowry from the wife, directly or indirectly is prohibited in Islam. If the parents of the girl give the girl something out of their own free will, it is accepted – But demanding or forcing directly or indirectly, it is prohibited in Islam. No Financial Liabilities: If a Woman works, which she does not have to – whatever earning she gets, it is absolutely her property. She need not spend on the household – if she wants to spend it is her free will. Irrespective how rich the wife is, it is the duty of the husband to give lodging, boarding, clothing and look after the financial aspects of the wife. In case of divorce or if a wife gets widowed, she is given financial support for the period of ‘Iddah? E- and if she has children, she is also given child support. Right to Inherit: Islam gave the right to the women to inherit, centuries ago. If you read the Qur’an – in several verses, in Surah Nisa, in Surah Baqarah and in Surah Maidah, it is mentioned that a woman, irrespective she is a wife or she is a mother, or a sister, or a daughter, she has a right to inherit. And it has been fixed by God Almighty in the Qur’an. C. Social Rights of Women in Islam Broadly it can be categorized into four sub-headings. Social rights given to a daughter, to a wife, to a mother and to a sister. Social Rights to a Daughter: Islam prohibits, female infanticide. The killing of female children is forbidden in Islam. It is mentioned in Surah Taqveem, Ch. 81, Verse No. 8 and 9, ‘when the female child is buried alive and when she questions you, for what crime was she killed? E Not only female infanticide has been prohibited, all sorts of infanticides has been prohibited in Islam, whether it be a male child or a female child. It is mention in the Qur’an in Surah A’nam Ch. 6, Verse No. 151 that, ‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance for it is God that will provide sustenance for you and for children? E A similar thing is mentioned in Surah Isra, Ch. 17 Verse No. 31 which says? E‘Kill not your children for want of sustenance, for it is God that will provide sustenance to you and your children, for killing of children is a major sin? E In the pre-Islamic Arabia, whenever a female child was born mostly she was buried alive. Alhamdullillah, after the spread of Islam this evil practice has been discontinued. But unfortunately it still continues in India – According to a BBC report, in the programe assignment the title of which was ‘Let Her Die? E there was a British reporter by the name of Emily Beckenen, who came all the way from Britain to India to give us the statistics of the female infanticide. In that programe, it gives the statistics, that every day more than 3,000 fetuses are being aborted on being identified that they are females. If you multiply this figure by the number of days, that is multiplied by 365, you get a figure of more than one million female fetuses are being aborted every year in our country. And there are big hoarding and posters in states like Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan, which says spend 500 Rupees and save 5 lakh Rupees. What does it mean? – That spend Rupees 500 on medical examination like Aminocententus or Ultra Sonography, and identify the gender of child. If it is a female you can abort it and you’ll save 5 lakh Rupees – How? The couple of lakhs you spend on upbringing her and the remaining lakhs of Rupees you spend on giving dowry to the man who will marry her (a custom in India). According to the report of the Government Hospital of Tamil Nadu ? E‘out of every 10 female children that are born, four are put to death? E- No wonder the female population in India is less than the male population. Female infanticide was continuing in India since centuries – If you analyze the statistics of the 1901 census, for every 1000 males there were 972 females. According to the 1981 statistics and census, it tells you for every 1000 males you have 934 females. And the latest statistics of 1991 tells you that for every 1000 males you have 927 females. You can analyze that the female ratio is dropping every year – And since science and medicine has advanced, it has helped in this evil practice. Just because Islam tells you that you should not kill any children whether it be male or female will you call these rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Qur’an not only prohibits female infanticide, it rebukes at the thought of you rejoicing at the birth of a male child and getting saddened at the birth of a female child. In Islam, a daughter should be brought up correctly. In Islam, there should be no partiality in upbringing of the daughter or the son. According to a Hadith, ‘In the presence of the Prophet Muhammad, once a man kissed his son and placed him on his lap but did not do the same to his daughter. The Prophet immediately objected and said that you are unjust – You should have even kissed your daughter and placed her on the other lap? E Social Rights to Wife: All the previous civilizations, they have considered the women to be an ‘instrument of the devil? E The Qur’an refers to the women as ‘Mohsana? E that is a ‘fortress against the devil? E And if a woman, who’s good, marries a man, she prevents him from going on the wrong path. There’s a Hadith in which Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) he said that, ‘there is no monasticism in Islam? E. And again according to Sahih Bukhari, Volume No. 7, Ch. No. Hadith No 4 it says that ‘the Prophet Muhammad ordained the young men, all those who have the means to marry, they should marry – For it will help them to guard their gaze and guard their modesty. The Qur’an say’s that, ‘We have put love into the hearts of the husband and wife? E If you read Sura h Rum, Ch. 30, Verse No. 21 it says that, ‘And amongst our signs We have created for you mates or companions, so that you may dwell in them in tranquillity and we have put love and mercy between your hearts? E According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 21, marriage is considered as a strong agreement, a strong contract. According to Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, it says, ‘You are prohibited to inherit women against their will? E- Means, to marry the permission of both the parties are required. It is compulsory that the man and women both should agree to marry. No one – not even the father can force their daughter to marry against her wishes. There’s a Hadith in Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 69, which says ‘that a lady she was forced by her father to marry against her wishes? E- And she went to the Prophet and the Prophet invalidated the marriage? E Another Hadith in Ibn-e-Humbal, Hadith No. 469, it says ‘that a daughter was forced by her father to get married – And when the daughter approached the Prophet, the Prophet said you can either continue, or if you wish you can invalidate the marriage. That means, the consent of both the male and the female is required. In Islam, a women is considered as a homemaker – She is not considered as a hou sewife, because she is not married to the house. Many people use terminology, without understanding what it means ? E‘Housewife? Emeans ‘you are the wife of the house? E So I believe, from now onwards the sisters would prefer calling themselves ‘homemakers? E than ‘house wives? E if they are occupied more in the home. In Islam, a woman, she is not married to a master that she should be treated like a slave – She is married to it is equal. And there is a Hadith which says in Ibn-Hambal – Hadith No 736, 7396. It says that, ‘the most perfect of the believers are those that are best in character and behavior, and those that are best to their family and their wives? E Islam gives equal rights to the man and woman. Qur’an clearly mentions that men and women, husband and wife have equal rights in all aspects, except leadership in the family. It is mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Baqarah Ch. 2, Verse No. 228. It says that, ? E.. the women have been given rights similar against them (men) on equitable terms but the men have a degree higher†¦? E Most of the Muslims have misunderstood this verse, when it says ‘a men have a degree higher? E- As I said we should analyze the Qur’an as a whole. And its mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 34 which says, ‘The men are the protectors and maintainers of the women, for God has given one of them more strength than the other and they give them their means? E People say the word ‘Kawwam? E means, ‘one degree higher in superiority? E- But actually the word ‘Kawwam? Ecomes from the root word ‘Ikamah? E ‘Ikamah? Emeans for example ‘when you give the Ikamah before prayers – You stand up? E So ‘Ikamah? Emeans to standup – so the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. Even if you read the commentary of ‘Ibne-Kathir? E- He says that the word ‘Kawwam? Emeans one degree higher in responsibility, not one degree higher in superiority. And this responsibility, should be carried out by mutual consent of both husband and wife. It is mentioned in Surah Baqarah, Ch. 2, Verse No. 187, which says, Which means? E‘Your wives are your garments, and you are their garments? E What’s the objective of garments – It is used to conceal and to beautify. The husband and wife, should conceal each others faults, and they should beautify each other – Its a relationship of hands and gloves. The Qur’an mentions that, ‘even if you do not like your wife, you should treat her kindly? E It is mentioned in Surah Nisa, Ch. 4, Verse No. 19, that, ? E.. consort with them (your wives) in kindness, for if you hate them it may happen that you hate a thing wherein God has placed much good. Even if you dislike your wife you have to treat her kindly and with equity Just because the rights of a wife are equal to those of the husband in Islam, will you call such rights in Islam as modernizing or outdated? Social Rights to a Mother: The only thing above respect to Mother, is the worship of God – It is mentioned in: Ch. 17, Verse No. 28-29, It says that? E‘God has ordained for you, that you worship none but Him, and to be kind to your parents. And if any one or both of them reach old age do not say a word of contempt or repel them but address them with honour, and speak to them with kindness, and lower your wing of humility and pray to God – ‘My Lord! bless them as they have cherished me in childhood? E Surah Nisa, Ch. No. 4, Verse No. 1 says, ‘Respect the womb that bore you? E Surah A’nam, Ch. 6, Verse No. 151, says that, ‘You have to be kind to your parents? E Surah Luqman Ch. 31, Verse No. 14, says that, ‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In travail upon travail, did their mother bore them and in years twain was their weaning? E A similar thing is repeated again in Surah Ahqaf, Ch. 46, Verse No. 15, that? E‘We have enjoined on the human beings to be kind to his parents. In pain did their mother bore them and in pain did she give them birth? E Another Hadith related in Sahih Bukhari in Volume 8, Ch. No. 2 Hadith No. 2, as well as in Sahih-Muslim – It says that a man asked the Prophet Muhammad? E‘Who requires the maximum love and respect and my companionship in this world? The Prophet replied ? E‘your mother? Ebr ‘Who is next? E ? E‘your mother? Enbsp; ‘Who is next E? E‘your mother? Enbsp; The man asked for the fourth time, – ‘Who is next? Enbsp; The Prophet replied ‘your father? E So 75% of the love and respect goes to the mother and 25% of the love and respect goes to the father. Three fourth of the better part of the love and respect goes to the mother ? EOne fourth of the remaining part of the love and respect goes to the father. Social Rights to a Sister: According to Surah Tawbah, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, it says that, ‘The men and the women they are friends of each other? E Prophet Muhammed (may peace be upon him) he said, ‘The women are the ‘Shakat? E-‘Shakat? Emeans sister? E D. Educational Rights to a Woman The first 5 verses which were revealed in the Qur’an were from Surah Alaq, or Surah Iqra, Verse No. 1 to 5 which says: ‘Read, recite or proclaim in the name of your Lord, Who has created the human beings from a congealed clot of blood (a leech like substance). Read, your Lord is most bountiful. Who has taught the use of the pen. Who has taught the human beings that which he knew-not? E The first guidance given in the Qur’an to the humankind was not to pray, was not to fast, was not to give charity – It was read – Islam pays utmost importance to education. Education is Compulsory in Islam: According to Quran: †¢God will exalt those of you who believe and those who are given knowledge to high degrees. (58:11) †¢And say, O my Lord! increase me in knowledge. (20:114) †¢And whoever is is given knowledge is given indeed abundant wealth. (2:269) According to a saying of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) â€Å"It is obligatory for every Muslim, male or female, to acquire knowledge (Al-Bayhaqi). Imagine, 1400 years ago, when the women were ill treated and were only used as property, Islam asked the women to be educated. Because Islam tells that every woman should be educated, – Will you call such women’s right’s in Islam as modernizing or outdated? E. Legal Rights to a Woman According to the Islamic law, men and women are equal – The Islamic Law protects the life and property of a man and woman both. If a man murders a woman he too will receive the capital punishment of ‘Kisaas? E According to the Islamic law of ‘Kisaas? E men and women – irrespective the injury be of the eye, of the nose, of the ear, of the body – both receive equal punishment. And if the guardian of the murderer, even it be a woman – If she says, that forgive the murderer and she accepts ‘Dia? E that is compensation – her opinion cannot be rejected – they have to accept it. And if there’s difference of opinion between the relatives of the person whose murdered – And some say that the murderer should be killed and some say that he should be forgiven and ‘Dia? Enbsp; should be accepted – people should prevent the relatives from killing that murderer. And irrespective whether the witness or the opinion is given by a man or woman, it has same weight. According to Surah Maida, Ch. , Verse No. 30 – It says? E‘As to the thief, whether he be man or a woman, cut off his or her hand as a punishment for his crime, an example from God? E Means, if a person robs, irrespective whether he is a man or a woman his or her hands should be chopped – The punishment is the same. According to Surah Nur, Ch . 24, Verse No. 2, it says ‘If any commits fornication, be it a man or a woman, flog them with 100 stripes? E The punishment for fornication in Islam irrespective whether it is a man or a woman, it is the same – Flogging with 100 stripes. The punishment for men and women, is the same in Islam. In Islam a woman is allowed to give witness Imagine, Islam gave right to a woman to be a witness, 14 centuries ago. Even now in as late as 1980, the Jewish Rabai, they were considering that whether the women should be given a right to act as a witness or not – And Islam gave that right 1400 years ago. Accord ¬ing to Surah Nur, Ch. 24, Verse No. 4, it is said ‘If any of you put a charge against the chastity of a woman, produce 4 witnesses, and if they falter, flog them with 80 stripes? E In Islam for a small crime, you require 2 witness – for a big crime you require 4 witnesses. Accusing a woman falsely is a big crime in Islam, therefore you require 4 witnesses. Now a days you see in the modern society, you find men abusing women and calling them all sorts of name. They call them prostitutes etc, and nothing is done. In an Islamic state, if a man calls her a ‘prostitute? Ein public or anywhere else, and if she takes that man to court – And if that man cannot produce 4 witnesses or even if he produces 4 witnesses and any one of them falter, all of them will receive 80 lashes each, and in future all their evidence will be rejected. Islam gives utmost importance to the chastity of the woman. When a lady marries, she normally adopts the name of her husband. In Islam she has the option of either keeping her husband’s name, either adopting the name of the husband, or maintaining her maiden name. And maintaining the maiden name is recommended in Islam – And we find in several Muslim societies that women, even after they get married they maintain their maiden name, because according to the Islamic law men and women are equal. Will you call such rights in Islam modernizing or outdated? F. Political Rights of a Woman According to Surah Tawba, Ch. 9, Verse No. 71, ‘The men and the women they are friends (supporters) of each other? E Supporters not only Socially – even Politically ? EPolitically, men and women should support each other. Women can even take part in law making. And according to the famous Hadith in which Hazrat Umar (may Allah be pleased with him), he was discussing with the Sahabas, and considering putting an upper limit on the ‘Meher ? E since young men were discouraged from getting married – a lady from the back seat she objected and said When the Qur’an says in Surah Nisa Ch. , Verse No. 20 that? E ‘you can even give a heap of treasure, a heap of gold in ‘Meher? E when Qur’an puts no limit on ‘Meher? E who is Umar to put a limit (may Allah be pleased with him). And immediately Hazrat Umar (peace be upon him) said? E‘Umar is wrong and the lady is right? E Imagine, she was a common lady – If it would have been a famous lady, the name of the lady would be mentioned in the Hadith. Since the Hadith does not mention the name of the lady, we can understand that the lady was a common lady. Means, even a common lady can object to the ‘Khalifa? E the head of the state. And in technical terms it would be called that ? E‘she is objecting to the breach of the constitution? E- because Qur’an is the constitution of the Muslims – That means a woman can even take part in law making. Women have even taken part in the battle fields There is a full chapter in the Sahih Bukhari mentioning women in the battle field – Women gave water – they give first aid to the soldiers. Because the Qur’an says ‘Man is the protector of the ‘Woman? E Under normal circumstances, the women should not go to the battle field. It is the duty of the man. Only when required, under necessity are women allowed – and they should go to the battle field if they want. Otherwise you’ll have the same position as you are having in the USA. Women in USA are Not Safe In USA women were allowed to join the battle since 1901 but they were not allowed to take active part – They only played the part of a nurse. Later on after the ‘Feminist Movement? Ehad started in 1973, the ‘Feminist movement? Edemand ¬ed ? E‘Why aren’t women allowed to take active part in the battle field E/font So the American government allowed women to take active part in the battle field. And according to a report of the Defense Department of America, which was released on the 23rd of April, 1993 it said that, ? E0 people were sexually assaulted in a convention, out of which 83 were women and 117 officers were charged with in disciplinary action? E Imagine in one convention only, 83 women sexually assaulted. What was the crime of those 117 officers? They made the women run and they snatched at their clothes. They made them parade absolutely nude without even covering the genital parts. They were made to have sex in public. Is this what you call ‘Women’s rights? E If you think that this is what is ‘Women’s right? E then you can keep your rights to yourselves. We do not want our sisters, our daughters our mothers to be sexually assaulted. And there was a uproar in the parliament and the President, Bill Clinton – he himself had to apologize publicly and he said, ‘Necessary action will be taken? E And you know when politicians say ‘necessary action will be taken, what happens. So Islam allows women to take part in the battle field only when required. But there also they should maintain their Islamic dress and the Islamic ethics, and their modesty. USA Has One of the Highest Rates of Rape United States of America is supposed to be one of the most advanced countries of the world. It also has one of the highest rates of rape in any country in the world. According to a FBI report, in the year 1990, every day on an average 1756 cases of rape were committed in U. S. A alone. Later another report said that on an average everyday 1900 cases of rapes are committed in USA. The year was not mentioned. May be it was 1992 or 1993. May be the Americans got ‘bolder? Ein the following years. Islamic Law Let’s Women Breathe Easily Consider a scenario where the Islamic law is implemented in America. Whenever a man looks at a woman and any brazen or unashamed thought comes to his mind, he lowers his gaze. Every woman wears the Islamic dress as mentioned in Quran. After this if any man commits rape he is given capital punishment. I ask you, in such a scenario, will the rate of rape in America increase, will it remain the same, or will it decrease? If Islamic law is implemented in any part of the world, women will breathe easier. Conclusion Before I conclude, I’d like to give an example. As I said in the beginning of my talk, Islam believes in equality between men and women – Equality does not mean identicality. Suppose in a classroom 2 students, student ‘A? Eand ‘B? E during an examination both come out first – Both secure 80% marks – 80 out of 100. When you analyze the question paper, the question paper has 10 differ ¬ent questions, each carrying 10 marks. In question 1 student ‘A? Egot 9 out of 10, and student ‘B? Egot 7 out of 10 – So in question 1 student ‘A? Ewas higher than student ‘B? E In question 2, student ‘A? Egot 7 out of 10 and student ‘B? Egot 9 out of 10 – Student ‘B? Ewas higher than student ‘A? Ein question number 2. In question 3 both of them got 8 out of 10, both were equal. So when we add up the marks of all the ten questions, both student ‘A? Eand ‘B? Egot 80 out of 100. So in short, student ‘A? Eand student ‘B? Eare over all equal. In some questions ‘A? Eis higher than ‘B? E in some questions ‘B? Eis higher than ‘A? E in others both are equal. In the same fashion, taking the example that since God has given man more strength – Suppose a thief enters the house will you tell, ‘I believe in women’s rights – I believe in women’s rights? E – will you tell your mother, your sister and your daughter, to go and fight the thief E No, but natural you’ll fight him – If required they may interfere – Under normal circumstances since God has given you more physical strength, you have to go and tackle the thief. So here, in physical strength, man is one degree higher than the woman Let us take another example where it comes to respecting the parents – The children are supposed to respect the mother 3 times more than the father (as mentioned earlier). Here the women have one degree higher than the men – Over all both equal So Islam believes in equality, not identically – Men and women are over all equal in Islam. This was in brief, the highlights, of ‘the Women’s Rights in Islam? E After this what the Muslim society did is different – Many of the Muslim societies did not give the women their rights and they deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The Western society is largely responsible for this – because of the Western societies, many Muslim societies have become over protective, over precautions and have gone to one extreme and deviated away from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. On the other extreme, some of the Muslim societies turned to the Western culture, and followed their culture. I want to tell the Western society that if you analyze the women’s rights in Islam according to the Qur’an and the Sunnah – you will realize it is modernizing and not outdated. How to cite Women Rights in Islam – Modernizing or Outdated?, Papers

Michelangelo Biography free essay sample

Here, he admired many of the works of Giotto and applied his simplistic yet powerful style onto his canvas, copying the artist’s figures in an extremely accurate manner (Ripley, page 8). Lorenzo de’ Medici, known as the Magnificent for his artistic gift and riches, approached Michelangelo one day. Shortly after, he moved to Lorenzo’s palace and began to enjoy his happy life. In the monastery of San Spirito, there was a hospital that young Michelangelo would often visit. Though some people in Florence considered dissecting corpses to be sinful, Michelangelo owed much of his knowledge of the human anatomy to such acts (Ripley, page 16). Throughout the rest of his natural life, Michelangelo was commissioned many projects. All of which, were amazingly captivating and seemingly brought forth a new style of extreme realism to the field of sculpture. Michelangelo was a fresh face in his time period. His art was clean and pure, and each detail was carved with precise care and labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Michelangelo Biography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Born into the High Renaissance era which was extremely well known for featuring humanism, a definite light source, more naturalism, and no halos on angelshe soon became an influential painter in the development of Mannerism—a period that was classified by clashing colors, abnormally elongated limbs, emotion, bizarre themes, and an undefined light source, which was entirely different from the High Renaissance in which Michelangelo was birthed into. Michelangelo, as an artist, was a bit ahead of his time. While other artists were still attempting to master the human anatomy, Michelangelo was already mastering the facial expressions that could correctly be interpreted as whatever feeling the figure was meant to have. He had already mastered human anatomy. As with the Pieta sculpture, his talent began to seep through the mallet and onto the marble, as his works came to life. People were amazed as to how he could capture the purity of the Mother of Christ, while applying the physical vigor of a pagan statue (Ripley, page 24). The sculpture of Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, was carved in a brand new perspective. Instead of an aged man of wisdom, Michelangelo’s version of Bacchus can be described as youthful and handsome. Once more, people are captivated by Michelangelo’s beautiful and unique interpretation of their god (Riley, page 22). Michelangelo was also a man of religion. He lived the Catholic faith, and this may be the reason why he vigorously worked on the Pieta sculpture for the Saint Peter’s church. He slept little during this project, but when he had completed it he was so proud of his work that he carved his name in the ribbon that ran across the Virgin’s breast (Riley, page 24). Michelangelo had a very distinct art style. He, however, approaches the audience in a more timid manner. All of his works are unique and are made in his exact image. He hardly used models; most of the figures are made from the way he imagined it. There are no borders on the people, they move freely while keeping a tight general design. Michelangelo took great interest in the human anatomy, and this showed in his work. Leonardo DaVinci also greatly valued the human anatomy, and took time to study it. His art includes passion and through his science you can see wisdom and creativity. He was intrigued with how things worked, and made many contributions to the world of science, as well as the world of art. The larger difference in their styles of art is the way they portray people. Leonardo seems to design his figures in stances that people can easily relate to. He gives them motions and expressions and allows them to perform and act as though they were really people. From this, onlookers can easily relate to Leonardo’s art. He also gives them softer looking skin, which makes them seem almost real. The colors and shades he applies bring the robes and drapery they wear to life and the depth emerges from their body, bringing about Leonardo’s knowledge of human anatomy. Michelangelo’s abilities bring him even further than this. His sculpturing skills are mastered to the point where the result appears to be an image frozen in time. He can take an image from his head and sculpt it exactly as he sees fit, and the realism is so shocking that one cannot help but to gape. Leonardo’s piece, The Annunciation, features an angel speaking with the Virgin Mary. In comparison to Michelangelo’s Kneeing Angel with a Candlestick, the robe’s on Leonardo’s angel fall rather stiffly, and the folds appear to be slightly linear, though you can see him branching off into a smoother feel than other artists in the Renaissance era. The robes on Michelangelo’s angel fall smoothly and seem to sweep over the torso and kneeling legs, complimenting the form and bringing more attention to the important pieces of the figure, such as the facial expression and the delicate wings on his back. Leonardo’s wings are held up high, rising just above the angel’s head. It is as if the angel can soar straight out of the painting. The paint is a darker shade to show lighting and give the wings depth (Gilbert, page 18). In Michelangelo’s statue, the wings are folded behind the back as he kneels. He is resting almost, as he presents the audience with a candle that he holds close to his body. The relaxed posture in which he is presented is very different in comparison to Leonardo’s angel, which looks rather serious as he speaks. Michelangelo’s angel seems a bit more forlorn in a sense. He could be kneeling before God, so he wears a solemn expression (Riley, page 20). Leonardo’s angel is strikingly realistic, but it remains to be merely a painting. When looking at Michelangelo’s sculpture, however, his realism is shocking and picture perfect. Both are pieces in which the audience can relate to, and it is clear why the artists are, to this day, extremely famous in the world of art. Michelangelo’s work is most well known for being extremely realistic, and in order to achieve this he studied the many varieties of art. This included the elements of design. He was able to simply imagine an image in his own likeness, grip the mallet in his hand and throw out the perfect design onto the marble base. Michelangelo’s art is distinct for many reasons, one of which being the way that the sculpture looks exactly like a person. He sculpts each statue as if it is real, making sure to include proper texture on the clothing and strands of hair. He correctly proportions the human anatomy, and the figures he designs are governed by the strict laws of symmetry and geometric design. Michelangelo feels as though the limbs should never protrude from the body, and it was likely a rule that nothing should stick out. He makes the figures as beautiful and yet the complexity is simple enough to allow the viewers to form stories of their own. The lines in the drapery are curved lines, and they flow together to appear softer, even if most of his works are made out of marble (Gromling, page 22). The same concepts apply to Michelangelo’s paintings, only when he paints with oils and tempera, the colors bring the people on the canvas to life. He always makes sure to center his pieces, never letting the main idea go astray. The focal points seemingly have the most detail, but the background images are key parts to each work as well. His characters are full and muscular, without being too large. Michelangelo preferred to think as a sculpture rather than a painter, even whilst painting. Firm outlines of the bodies and strong figures with detailed shading and outlining give the idea that the figures are three dimensional (Gromling, page 28). When sculpting, Michelangelo seemingly prefers using marble. Perhaps because it appeared as a softer material than other rougher stones, and the light coloring could easily give the appearance of skin. Michelangelo scarcely introduced a sculpture or painting with a distinct message. Instead, he applies symbolism in the way that he positions the figures, and carves their faces. Their feelings reflect outwardly, but remain on their faces. Most of the agony, happiness, or anger they feel is expressed inwardly, and it is up to the viewer to decipher the message of the sculpture. In many of Michelangelo’s work, he applies new appearance to old figures. The well known Catholic image of an older, wiser, Virgin Mary was practically stripped away when Michelangelo carved the Pieta. The message behind the marble may be Michelangelo’s own perception of how his youthful Mary appears. He sees her as a young mother who has lost her only son, and therefore portrays her as so. (Ripley, page 24) Another perception of Michelangelo’s is the shocking new image of the pagan god, Bacchus. Usually portrayed as an older, extremely muscular man, Michelangelo has sculpted Bacchus as another youthful figure, intoxicated from the fine wine in his cup. He has a lighter atmosphere about him, which is entirely unique in comparison to the average Bacchus perception. The message may be showing he carelessness of a drunken youth, elaborated by the robes that have been removed and the standing position in which young Bacchus is in. The grapes entwined in his curly hair represent the fact that he is the god of wine, as well as the full glass of fresh wine in his hand. Michelangelo had a habit of almost sneaking in select features that decipher who the focal point of the scu lpture truly is. By doing this, he almost creates an air of mystery, leaving some room for thought for the viewers (Ripley, page 28). One artist that may be interesting to compare Michelangelo to is Bernini. Bernini lived through the Baroque eracharacterized by dramatic lights and darks, twisting torsos and abstract movements, dramatic and emotional expressions and themes, and large facadeswhereas Michelangelo lived through the Renaissance era. There is a key difference between the manners in which you are made to view the statues of these periods. Renaissance statues were made frontal, and viewers were only meant to look at the statues from the sides. But, this changed in the Baroque era. Sculptors began to recognize that creating a piece of art and detailing it equally on all sides made for a more intriguing work to look at. They carved them to tell a story, and were often made in mid-action so that the onlookers would have been challenged to walk around the piece and take in all of the different views in order to piece the story together. Michelangelo was an amazing sculptor, but he like many others of his time, remained true to the use of geometric style and the frontal view. Bernini, who remained true to the dramatic and expressive artist style that the Baroque era was famous for, was not afraid to extend the limbs of his figures, to throw them into an action rather than have them embrace themselves. Instead, they could embrace the air by expanding on the space around them. Bernini also took emotions to extremes. Though Michelangelo could easily sculpt a piece that he could relate to; giving it a soft expression of sadness or accurate anger, Bernini had a tendency to exaggerate emotions. Some of his works had expressions of extreme anger, such as the famous statue David. In comparison, Michelangelo also sculpted a statue of David. But, the two are in different stances. Michelangelo’s David is preparing for the battle, while Bernini’s David is in mid-battle stance. Bernini’s David is placed in an extremely energetic stance and a new formula rid Bernini’s works of the Mannerism in which Michelangelo worked to raise. His David has physical concentration at the moment before laying a blow to the Giant, who, of course is not part of the sculpture. Rather, this image is left for the viewers to imagine. He is in a solid stance with his feet firmly place on the ground, and his eyes transfixed on his opponent. It is the imagination’s job to create the image of what the Giant appears to be. The space Bernini left for our minds to fill is enough to keep one completely entranced with his sculpture. The boundary between us and the figure has seemingly dissolved. The transfixed gaze of young David is almost eyelevel with an onlooker, and one can only imagine themselves in place of the giant. The spatial qualities are rich, and the movement in depth leads to the intentional purpose of allowing many different ways to view the sculpture to arise. In order to really understand the story, one must study it from several different viewpoints. Given the right positioning, the movement of swinging the sling comes to life, as the movement of the arms, legs, body and neck fit together like pieces of a puzzle (Wittkower, page 5). The concentration and energy on David’s face are epitomized with tight lips, strained muscles on the lower face, flaring nostrils, pinched brow, and sharp eyes. The realism in the piece is striking (Wittkower, page 6). In comparison, Michelangelo’s David shows much less facial expression, and is posed in a manner which makes one think it is an image frozen in time. His face doesn’t speak well of the inner tension he feels as he prepares to face the Giant, but his brow is curved around the eye in a manner which suggest the agony he may feel. His body is that of ideal beauty, and he leans on one hip to the side, with his arm bent up near his face, the sling being held close to his shoulder. His head is turned and he seems to be gazing off into the distance, either pondering the battle to come or sizing up his opponent; Goliath. His stance is relaxed, yet he appears to be poised for action, as if he could spring to life at any moment (Harris, page 12). Michelangelo was an extremely important figure in the Renaissance era, and was a well adapt figure within the transition to the Baroque period. He is influential in the future works of other artists, and he was one of the few artists to truly master the human anatomy. He took part in a great deal of forming Mannerism, and elaborated on expressions which brought forth encouragement in other artists to add complexity to the outwardly emotions. In conclusion, Michelangelo was a man with a great eye for sculpture and painting, and he produced pieces which are unique enough to captivate mankind up until this day.